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Topics (Aristotle)
The ''Topics'' (; (ラテン語:Topica)) is the name given to one of Aristotle's six works on logic collectively known as the ''Organon'':
The Topics constitutes Aristotle's treatise on the art of dialectic—the invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon ''commonly held opinions'' or endoxa ( in Greek).〔These "commonly held opinions" are not merely popular notions held by the man-on-the-street about any and all subjects; rather, the dialectical ενδοξα are commonplaces of reason upon which those who conscientiously dispute (all men, most men, the wise, most of the wise, or the best known among the wise) agree in principle -- ''i.e.'' that which is "enshrined" (to borrow a cognate religious term) in opinion or belief among those who engage in disputation.〕 ''Topoi'' () are "places" from which such arguments can be discovered or invented.
==What is a "topic"?==
In his treatise on the Topics, Aristotle does not explicitly define a ''topos'', though it is "at least primarily a strategy for argument not infrequently justified or explained by a principle."〔"Dialectic and Aristotle's Topics". Stump, Eleonore. ''Boethius's De topicis differentiis''. Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London, 1978. p. 170.〕 He characterises it in the Rhetoric〔Aristotle refers to rhetoric as "the counterpart to dialectic" in the introduction to his Rhetoric (1354a ''et seq''), noting that both alike are arts of persuasion. Both deal, not with a specific genus or subject, but with the broadly applicable principles of things that come within the ken of all people. Rhetoric is distinguished from dialectic in that the former employs not only syllogism (i.e. enthymeme), but additionally makes use of the character of the speaker and the emotions of the audience to perform its persuasive task.〕 thus: "I call the same thing ''element'' and ''topos''; for an element or a topos is a heading under which many enthymemes fall."〔Rhet. 1403a18-19〕 By ''element'', he means a general form under which enthymemes of the same type can be included. Thus, the ''topos'' is a general argument source, from which the individual arguments are instances, and is a sort of template from which many individual arguments can be constructed. The word (''tópos'', literally "place, location") is also related to the ancient memory method of "loci", by which things to be remembered are recollected by mentally connecting them with successive real or imagined places.〔''E.g.'' as houses along a street one knows by heart〕
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